Climatic and structural controls on Late-glacial and Holocene rockfall occurrence in high-elevated rock walls of the Mont Blanc massif (Western Alps)     

Xavi Gallach  Julien Carcaillet  Ludovic Ravanel  Philip Deline  Christophe Ogier  Magali Rossi  Emmanuel Malet  David Garcia-Sellés 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(13):3071-3091

In the Mont Blanc massif (European Western Alps), rockfalls are one of the main natural hazards for alpinists and infrastructure. Rockfall activity after the Little Ice Age is well documented. An increase in frequency during the last three decades is related to permafrost degradation caused by rising air temperatures. In order to understand whether climate exerts a long-term control on rockfall occurrence, a selection of paleo-rockfall scars was dated in the Glacier du Géant basin [>3200 m above sea level (a.s.l.)] using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides. Rockfall occurrence was compared to different climatic and glacial proxies. This study presents 55 new samples (including replicates) and 25 previously-published ages from nine sampling sites. In total, 62 dated rockfall events display ages ranging from 0.03 ± 0.02 ka to 88.40 ± 7.60 ka. Holocene ages and their uncertainties were used to perform a Kernel density function into a continuous dataset displaying rockfall probability per 100 years. Results highlight four Holocene periods of enhanced rockfall occurrence: (i) c. 7–5.7 ka, related to the Holocene Warm Periods; (ii) c. 4.5–4 ka, related to the Sub-boreal Warm Period; (iii) c. 2.3–1.6 ka, related to the Roman Warm Period; and (iv) c. 0.9–0.3 ka, related to the Medieval Warm Period and beginning of the Little Ice Age. Laser and photogrammetric three-dimensional (3D) models of the rock walls were produced to reconstruct the detached volumes from the best-preserved rockfall scars (≤0.91 ± 0.12 ka). A structural study was carried out at the scale of the Glacier du Géant basin using aerial photographs, and at the scale of four selected rock walls using the 3D models. Two main vertical and one horizontal fracture sets were identified. They correspond respectively to alpine shear zones and veins opened-up during long-term exhumation of the Mont Blanc massif. Our study confirms that climate primarily controls rockfall occurrence, and that structural settings, coincident at both the massif and the rock wall scales, control the rock-wall shapes as well as the geometry and volume of the rockfall events. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Spatially-Weighted Factor Analysis for Extraction of Source-Oriented Mineralization Feature in 3D Coordinates of Surface Geochemical Signal     

Esmaeiloghli  Saeid  Tabatabaei  Seyed Hassan  Carranza  Emmanuel John M.  Hosseini  Shahram  Deville  Yannick 《Natural Resources Research》2021,30(6):3925-3953

Natural Resources Research - This contribution proposes a spatially weighted factor analysis (SWFA) to recognize effectively the underlying mineralization-related feature(s) in geochemical signals....  相似文献   

Identifying the accidental-natural mortality of leporids in the archaeological record: insights from a taphonomical analysis of a pitfall without evidence of human presence     

Maxime Pelletier  Emmanuel Desclaux  Jean-Baptiste Mallye  Evelyne CrÉgut-Bonnoure 《第四纪科学杂志》2020,35(5):677-694

Leporids (Lagomorpha, Mammalia), especially the mountain hare (Lepus timidus) and the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), have been among the most abundant small game in western Europe since the Pleistocene. These animals are preferred prey for more than 40 predators, which increases the chances of finding their skeletal remains at archaeological or natural sites, and in particular karstic formations alternately occupied by Palaeolithic human societies and other predators. Moreover, specific eco-ethological characteristics for both species also offer the possibility to produce a substantial quantity of their bones accumulated by natural mortality without predation, making it more difficult to identify their origin in the fossil record. Despite this fact, the taphonomic signature of accidental-natural accumulations of leporids in karsts, such as pitfalls, has never been properly characterised. In order to address these issues, we carried out a detailed taphonomic study of leporid remains in a pitfall without any evidence of human activity, namely at Coulet des Roches (Monieux, Vaucluse, south-eastern France). At this site, leporids are the most abundant species throughout the Last Glacial Maximum sedimentary sequence. The bone accumulation was analysed in order to determine the most relevant criteria to identify a natural accumulation that results from the accidental fall of individuals in the pitfall. The relative proportions of each species are consistent with their current ethology, and their mortality profiles are compatible with the structure of a living natural population. The completeness rate of the different skeletal portions for both species is relatively high, bones are less fragmented and, unlike what might be expected, very few anatomical connections were preserved. The observed anatomical representation, breakage, and bone surface modification patterns are discussed and compared with available data concerning accumulations with predation. Taken together, the identified criteria contribute valuable help in the recognition of accidental mortality in the fossil record, as well as to evaluate the proportion of leporid bones accumulated naturally and those accumulated by predation, human or not, in a deposit.  相似文献   

From 2D to 3D Modeling of Mineral Prospectivity Using Multi-source Geoscience Datasets,Wulong Gold District,China     

Zhang  Zhiqiang  Zhang  Jiaojiao  Wang  Gongwen  Carranza  Emmanuel John M.  Pang  Zong  Wang  Hao 《Natural Resources Research》2020,29(1):345-364

Natural Resources Research - The Wulong gold district (WGD) is located at the northeastern margin of the North China Carton (NCC) on the Liaodong Peninsula, China. The results of early mineral...  相似文献   

Distributed Space Segment for High Energy Astrophysics: Similarities And specificites     

Emmanuel Hinglais 《Experimental Astronomy》2005,20(1-3):435-445

This paper analyses two height energy astrophysics missions, MAX and SIMBOL-X, which have been studied in CNES in the frame of a large formation flying study program. It is particularly interesting to notice that the scientific specifications of two different missions lead to the same engineering solutions for the whole mission aspects and then advocate for a similar space segment architecture and re-use of common elements, thus allowing potential cost reductions for a second mission.In deed, the same level of data to download and a similar signal-to-noise ratio requirements leads to the same orbit and communications system, the same level of pointing precision and distance inter satellites lead to the same formation flying Guidance Navigation and Command (GNC) architecture. At the end, the same level of mass and thermal constraints leads to the same range of platform and the same propulsion systems and finally to the same launcher.  相似文献   

Regional modelling of groundwater flow and salt and environmental tracer transport in deep aquifers in the Paris Basin     

Huai Fu Wei  Emmanuel Ledoux  Ghislain De Marsily 《Journal of Hydrology》1990,120(1-4):341-358

A hydrodynamic model which takes into account the aquitard storage effect was developed for the deep multilayered system including the Dogger aquifer and its surroundings in the Paris Basin. It provides a good explanation for a series of observations in the Dogger concerning, for instance, the hydraulic head, the salinity and the transmissivity. The calibration of the model also makes it possible to estimate some unmeasured parameters such as the aquifer and aquitard storage coefficients. Finally, the results of simulations of the transport of ⁴He and ¹⁴C strengthen the representativeness of the model. The Darcy average horizontal velocity in the Dogger, obtained with the model, is of the order of 0.33m year⁻¹.  相似文献   

Data-Driven Index Overlay and Boolean Logic Mineral Prospectivity Modeling in Greenfields Exploration     

Mahyar Yousefi  Emmanuel John M. Carranza 《Natural Resources Research》2016,25(1):3-18

Index overlay and Boolean logic are two techniques customarily applied for knowledge-driven modeling of prospectivity for mineral deposits, whereby weights of values in evidential maps and weights of every evidence map are assigned based on expert opinion. In the Boolean logic technique for mineral prospectivity modeling (MPM), threshold evidential values for creating binary maps are defined based on expert opinion as well. This practice of assigning weights based on expert opinion involves trial-and-error and introduces bias in evaluating relative importance of both evidential values and individual evidential maps. In this paper, we propose a data-driven index overlay MPM technique whereby weights of individual evidential maps are derived from data. We also propose a data-driven Boolean logic MPM technique, whereby thresholds for creating binary maps are defined based on data. For assigning weights and defining thresholds in these proposed data-driven MPM techniques, we applied a prediction-area plot from which we can estimate the predictive ability of each evidential map with respect to known mineral occurrences, and we use that predictive ability estimate to assign weights to evidential map and to select thresholds for generating binary predictor maps. To demonstrate these procedures, we applied them to an area in the Kerman province in southeast Iran as a MPM case study for porphyry-Cu deposits.  相似文献   

Chondrule heritage and thermal histories from trace element and oxygen isotope analyses of chondrules and amoeboid olivine aggregates          下载免费PDF全文

Emmanuel Jacquet  Yves Marrocchi 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2017,52(12):2672-2694

We report combined oxygen isotope and mineral‐scale trace element analyses of amoeboid olivine aggregates (AOA) and chondrules in ungrouped carbonaceous chondrite, Northwest Africa 5958. The trace element geochemistry of olivine in AOA, for the first time measured by LA‐ICP‐MS, is consistent with a condensation origin, although the shallow slope of its rare earth element (REE) pattern is yet to be physically explained. Ferromagnesian silicates in type I chondrules resemble those in other carbonaceous chondrites both geochemically and isotopically, and we find a correlation between ¹⁶O enrichment and many incompatible elements in olivine. The variation in incompatible element concentrations may relate to varying amounts of olivine crystallization during a subisothermal stage of chondrule‐forming events, the duration of which may be anticorrelated with the local solid/gas ratio if this was the determinant of oxygen isotopic ratios as proposed recently. While aqueous alteration has depleted many chondrule mesostases in REE, some chondrules show recognizable subdued group II‐like patterns supporting the idea that the immediate precursors of chondrules were nebular condensates.  相似文献   

Major postglacial summer temperature changes in the central coniferous boreal forest of Quebec (Canada) inferred using chironomid assemblages          下载免费PDF全文

Lisa Bajolle  Isabelle Larocque‐Tobler  Emmanuel Gandouin  Martin Lavoie  Yves Bergeron  Adam A. Ali 《第四纪科学杂志》2018,33(4):409-420

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Assessment of Geochemical Anomaly Uncertainty Through Geostatistical Simulation and Singularity Analysis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Liu  Yue  Cheng  Qiuming  Carranza  Emmanuel John M.  Zhou  Kefa 《Natural Resources Research》2019,28(1):199-212

Natural Resources Research - Geochemical anomalies are commonly separated into different geochemical anomaly levels based on one or more thresholds. However, this practice may cause some important...  相似文献